Historical price data is used in [Test] and [Train] mode, and can also be used in [Trade] mode for pre-loading the LookBack period. The needed data period is determined with StartDate and EndDate. If historical prices from the desired period are missing, they can be downloaded with the assetHistory function or the Download script (see below). All downloaded prices are usually aligned to UTC time. The broker's time zone does not matter. Therefore it's normally no problem to use price data from different sources for the simulation and for trading.
Zorro stores historical price data in files the History folder. The file name begins with the asset name, and the file extension indicates the content:
Any historical data file is simply a list of structs. Any struct represents a candle, quote, contract, or order book entry. The struct size - the number of elements besides the time stamp - is indicated by the number after the "t" extension. Thus, a .t6 file consists of T6 structs (see below) with a time stamp and 6 data elements. For avoiding extremely large files that are awkward to handle, price history can be split in multiple years. The file name has then the year number attached; for instance, "AAPL_2010.t2" contains AAPL order book data from 2010. Multi-year files are automatically detected and loaded. Some files, such as high resolution options data, may be too large even for year splitting. They can then be split in months or days, and loaded by script code at the begin of any month or day in the backtest. If additional data is required, it can be separately imported from arbitrary user-specific formats in a dataset. The .t6 price data files included with Zorro are normally split in years and contain a list of 1-minute candles in T6 format. The data resolution is format independent, but should be at least as high or higher than the bar resolution in backtests.
The same asset can have different price histories, for instance EOD data for strategies with daily bars, M1 data for day trading and T1 data for scalping. The historical data files can be distinguished with a postfix character to the file name, for instance "AAPLeod.t6" for EOD data with no year number, "AAPL_2018m1.t6" for M1 candle data split into years and "AAPL_2018.t1" for tick data. The script can then select the right price history through the History variable. For instance, "History = *eod.t6" selects the EOD data, "History = *m1.t6" the M1 data and "History = *.t1" the tick data. The default is *.t6 for bars of one minute or more, and *.t1 for bars of less than one minute.
Historical data files contain either T1, T2, T6, or CONTRACT structs in descending timestamp order (newest price first).The structs are defined in the trading.h header:
typedef struct T1
{
DATE time; // UTC timestamp of the tick in DATE format
float fPrice; // price data, positive for ask and negative for bid
} T1; typedef struct T2 { DATE time; // UTC timestamp in DATE format float fPrice; // price, negative for bid quotes float fVol; // trade volume or ask/bid size } T2; typedef struct T6 { DATE time; // UTC timestamp of the close, DATE format float fHigh,fLow; float fOpen,fClose; float fVal,fVol; // additional data, ask-bid spread, volume etc. } T6; typedef struct CONTRACT { DATE time; // UTC timestamp in DATE format float fAsk,fBid; // premium without multiplier float fVal,fVol; // additional data, like delta, open interest, etc. float fUnl; // underlying price (unadjusted) float fStrike; // strike price long Expiry; // YYYYMMDD format long Type; // PUT, CALL, FUTURE, EUROPEAN, BINARY } CONTRACT;
All years and assets should have the same historical file format; mixing different formats would produce an error message. Data in .t2 order book format or .t8 options format can be used additionally to the historical price data, since they are loaded with different functions (orderUpdate and contractUpdate). Underlying prices (fUnl in the CONTRACT struct) and order book data is normally unadjusted, while historical prices in .t1 or .t6 files are usually split and dividend adjusted. Some strategies require both types of prices.
The structs are stored in descending time order, i.e. the most recent tick comes first. Timestamps are in OLE DATE format, a double float that counts days since midnight 30 December 1899. Hours, minutes, seconds, and milliseconds are simply fractions of days. If the tick covers a time period, its timestamp is the UTC time of its last price, i.e. the time of the Close. If you have price data based on local time, convert it to UTC (you can find some example code here). For daily (D1) price history with timestamps containing the date only - i.e. no time of day - a bar time offset is automatically added. If the original price data contains bid prices, you can convert them to ask prices by adding the spread. If the price data contains time stamps not from the close of a tick, but from the open or middle price, correct them with the TickFix variable if needed for the strategy. Normally it has little effect on backtest results if ticks contain ask, bid, or trade prices, or if time stamps are from the tick open or the close.
The fOpen, fClose, fHigh and fLow data streams can be separately accessed with price functions. The fVal and fVol data can be used to store additional data, such as spread, quote frequency, trade volume, implied volatility, delta, swap, etc, and accessed with market functions. All data streams are automatically synchronized to the streams of the first asset call in the script; so it does not matter if some data is only available in daily or weekly 'ticks'.
Outliers in historical data are automatically detected and removed. If this is not desired, for instance with high volatility assets such as cryptocurrencies or penny stocks, disable outlier detection or raise the detection level.
Data can be downloaded from brokers, free online source, data vendors, or the Zorro download page. You can get it in different resolutions, and - with stocks - either split and dividend adjusted, or unadjusted. You normally use adjusted data for backtests. Forex M1 data and stock D1 data is free, but data in higher resolution or for other assets is not. M1 history for US Stocks and D1 options history can be purchased from us in .t6 and .t8 format, or from data vendors in CSV or JSON formats. When downloading data from a broker, make sure to select the 'last trade' price type if available, and adjust stock prices to avoid artifacts by splits and dividends. Purchased data usually contains adjusted trade prices.
For using data files with a resolution of less than one minute (such as .t1 or .t2 files), Zorro S is required. For importing price or options data files from external sources, convert them to a list of T1, T2, T6, or CONTRACT structs, optionally divide them into years or months, and store them in binary files with the format and name described above.
Data from online sources or vendors in CSV or JSON formats can be converted to .t1, .t2, .t6, or .t8 with the dataParse function. Examples can be found under Import. The Strategy folder also contains several small scripts for download and conversion from popular formats. Download.c (see below) downloads historical data in .t6 or .t1 format from Yahoo, IB, FXCM, or Oanda. CSVtoHistory converts data from popular .csv formats, f.i. from HistData, Quandl, or Yahoo, to the Zorro .t6 format. Example code for automatically downloading .csv price data from the Internet or from a provider API can be found on the http page. A script for generating artificial .t8 historical data for options from the yield rate, dividends, and underlying price history can be found here. Example scripts for converting history files from complex .csv or .nxc formats to the .t1 format can be found here.
For looking into .t8, .t6, .t2, or .t1 files and displaying their content, use the History or Chart scripts.
For downloading free data from brokers or online price sources, you can use Download.c, a small script for retrieving or updating prices and asset parameters. You can download either the history of a single asset, or do a bulk download of all assets of a given asset list. The script opens a control panel with a few toggle buttons (blue) and entry fields (yellow):
History | |
AAPL | Either asset symbol, or asset list file name |
2020-2024 | Time period to download |
M1 | Data resolution: M1, Tick, or D1 |
Ask/Bid | Data type: Ask/Bid, Trades, Unadjusted, Parameters |
Broker | Data source: Broker, Stooq, Yahoo, AlphaVantage |
Download! | Click here to start the download. |
Asset or Asset List
Enter here the symbol of the asset in the form needed by the broker or price source, f.i. "AAPL.US" for downloading AAPL data from Stooq. If the name contains the word "Assets" or ends with ".csv" (f.i. "AssetsFXCM.csv"), all assets of the asset list with the given name are downloaded.
Data resolution
Data type
Not all combinations make sense. For instance, you can normally not download M1 data or asset parameters from online data sources. Check with your broker which assets are available. It is recommended to download forex data from the same broker that you use for trading, since it's broker dependent. If a price history file of the same asset already exists, the new prices are appended at the end. If the file was already updated on the same or previous day, no data is downloaded. If you tried to download nonexisting data from a data source, you'll normally get a file containing an error message as response. Zorro won't interpret that file, but you can find it in your History folder as the most recent file, open it with a text editor, and see what's wrong.
After all is downloaded, click [Stop] to end the session.